英语语法学习方法笔记

时间:2022-10-12 00:06:35 学习方法 我要投稿
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实用英语语法学习方法笔记

  第一部分 词法
   1. 主谓一致
  一、概念:
  主谓一致是指:1)语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。2)意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3)就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。例如:There is much water in the thermos.
  但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
  二、相关知识点精讲
  1、并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如:Reading and writing are very important.
  注:当主语由and连结时,如果表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如:The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
  2、主谓一致中的靠近原则
  1)当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如:
  There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。
  There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩。
  2)当either… or… 与neither… nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如:
  Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去。
  Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。
  3、谓语动词与前面的主语一致
  当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如:The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。
  He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。
  4、谓语需用单数的情况
  1)代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如:
  Each of us has a tape-recorder. /There is something wrong with my watch.
  2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。例如:The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
  3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。例如:
  Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. /Ten yuan is enough.
  5、指代意义决定谓语的单复数
  1)代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
  2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如:His family are music lovers.
  但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如:Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗?
  3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。例如:
  A number of +名词复数+复数动词:A number of books have lent out./ The majority of the students like English.
  The number of +名词复数+单数动词:The number of books is 53 .
  6、与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况
  1)用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如:
  Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。
  Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。
  2)用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。例如:
  A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。
  A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。
  3)如many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如:
  Many a person has read the novel.许多人读过这本书。
  More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。
  Chapter 2. 动词的时态
  一、概念:
  英语的实义动词有以下五种形式:
  (1) 动词原形:动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时,情态动词之后,或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。
  (2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式(简称现单三):主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。
  (3) 过去式:主要用于一般过去时。
  (4) 现在分词:主要用于进行时态,或语法规定的其他情况。
  (5) 过去分词:主要用于完成时态,或语法规定的其他情况。
  动词一般现在时第三人称单数(现单三)的构成,见下表:
词尾变化(规律与名词变复数相同,读音也与名词复数相同) 举例
一般加-s Help---helps; read---reads
在ch, sh, s, x 或元音字母o后面加-es Do, fix, pass, push, teach ---does, fixes, passes, pushes, teaches
以辅音字母加y结尾的词,变y为i再加-es Try, study --- tries, stuides
  动词过去式和过去分词,大多数是动词原形+ ed 构成,这是规则动词。规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表:
词尾变化 举例 词尾读音
动词后面加-ed Help---helped,Work---worked,Watch---watched 清辅音之后读[t]
Want---wanted need---needed [t] ,[d]之后读[t]
Turn---turned  play--played 元音和浊辅音([d]除外)之后读[d]
以不发音的“e”结尾的词,加-d Love---loved,Serve---served
结尾是辅音字母+y时,y变i,再加-ed Study---studied,Try---tried
结尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,双写辅音字母再加-ed Stop---stopped,Drop---dropped 清辅音之后读[t]
  不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形式,需要个别记忆,同时也要善于发现不规则中的规则,即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。如:weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept。
  现在分词一律由动词原形加-ing构成,规则如下表:
词尾变化 举例
一般加-ing Look---looking, try---trying
以不发音的e结尾的词,去掉e,再加-ing Write---writing, dance---dancing
以一个辅音字母(x除外)词尾的重读闭音节词,先双写词尾的辅音字母,再加-ing Begin---beginning, swim---swimming,
Run---running, sit---sitting
以-ie结尾的词,变ie为y,再加-ing Die---dying, lie---lying
  时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态。英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的。为了学习的方便,人们把时间分为四个阶段:“现在、过去、将来、过去将来”。 英语动词所表示的动作在以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态:一般、进行、完成和完成进行,因此英语有16种时态。以do为例,列表如下:
时态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行
现在时 Does; do Am/is/are+doing Has/have+done Has/have+been doing
过去时 Did Was/were+doing Had done Had been doing
将来时 Shall/will+do Shall/will be +doing Shall/will have + done Shall/will+havebeendoing
过去将来时 Should/would/+do Would/should+be doing Should/would+have
done
Would/should+ have been doing
  16个时态中,常用的有12个:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。下面我们把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。
  二、相关知识点精讲:
  1、一般现在时
  (1)构成:通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时,用现单三形式。
  动词be和have(表示“拥有”)各人称的单数形式为:
  第一人称单数 第二人称单数 第三人称单数
Have Have Have Has
Be Am Are is
  一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
  动词be 与 have(表示“拥有”):否定式直接把not放在动词之后,疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前,见下表:
否定式 疑问式
Be Have Be Have
I am not (I’m not)… I have not (haven’t)… Am i…? Have i…?
You are not (aren’t)… You have not (haven’t)… Are you…? Have you…?
He is not (isn’t)… He has not (hasn’t)… Is he …? Has he …?
  动词be 的否定疑问式和简单回答:
否定疑问式 肯定回答 否定回答
Am I not (aren’t i)…? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t
Are you not (aren’t you)…? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Is he not (isn’t he)…? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t
  动词have(表示“拥有”) 的否定疑问式和简单回答:
否定疑问式 肯定回答 否定回答
Have I not (haven’t i)…? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
Have you not (haven’t you)…? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Has he not (hasn’t he)…? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
  注意:have 作为行为动词则只能按照行为动词的规则变化。
  行为动词(以study为例)一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答(注意要加助动词do/does)
否定式 疑问式
I do not (don’t) study Do I study
You do not (don’t) study Do you study
He does not (doesn’t) study Does he study
否定疑问句式 简单回答(肯定/否定)
Do I not (Don’t I) study…? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Do you not (Don’t you) study…? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.
Does he not (Doesn’t he) study…? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
  (2)用法:
  1)表示经常性或习惯性的动作,常与often, usually, always, sometimes, every day, once a week, on Sundays, never 等表示经常性或习惯性的时间状语连用。例如:
  I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
  2)表示客观真理,客观存在,科学事实或用于强调动作的永久性、经常或反复性。例如:
  The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。/Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
  When Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? 冬天来了,春天还会远吗?(英国浪漫主义诗人雪莱的名句。)
  Beauty is truth, truth beauty. 美即真理,真理即美。(英国浪漫主义诗人济慈的名句。)
  3)表示格言或警句。例如:Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。
  注:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
  例如:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
  4)表示现在时刻的现状、性质、状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:
  Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。
  注:一般不用进行时的动词,它们用一般现在时表示现在进行时
  ①表示心理状态的词:accept, agree, allow, believe, care, dislike, fear, forget, hate, know, like, love, mean, mind, need, prefer, realize, remember, respect, understand, want, wish等。还有 admit, decide, permit, promise, receive, refuse等。
  ②感官动词和表示状态的动词一般不用进行时。系动词:如hear, look, notice, see, smell, sound, taste等词。表示状态的词:be, belong to, exist, have, remain, seem, stay等词。例如:
  I see him now,he’s talking to a girl. 我看见他了,他正在和一个女孩说话
  The warships belong to the navy and the tanks belong to the army. 军舰属于海军,坦克属于陆军。
  The tea tastes fresh. 这茶味道很新鲜。
  5)少数动词如go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, be 等的一般现在时可以表示按规定、计划或安排预计要发生的事情。例如:
  The plane takes off at six past five.飞机将于六点零五分起飞。
  6)在时间和条件状语从句中可用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句,条件句。
  He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京,就去看他姨妈。
  注:在make sure (certain) 后面的从句常用现在时表示将来时:
  There aren’t many seats left for the concert; you’d better make sure that you get one today.
  7)在某些以here, there 开头的句子中如:Here/There+动词+名词主语、Here/There+代词主语+动词,用一般现在时表示现在发生的动作。例如:There goes the bell.铃响了。
  8)在进行体育比赛过程中解说员叙述迅速、短暂动作时,可用一般现在时表示正在进行的或刚刚发生的动作。例如:
  Bater passes the ball to Yao Ming. Yao shoots?A fine shot! 巴特尔把球传给姚明,姚明投篮,好球!
  9)在戏剧、电影等的剧本或图片的说明文字中,可用一般现在时表示动作。例如:
  When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it up and listens quietly.
  幕启,朱丽叶坐在桌旁。电话铃响,她拿起听筒,静静地听着。
  比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. &I am doing my homework now.
  第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
  2、一般过去时
  (1)构成:一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式要用助动词do 的过去式did, 同时注意实义动词要用原形。
  (2)用法:一般过去时动词主要表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作或情况,其中包括习惯性动作,通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
  1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
  2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:
  When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。
  Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
  Li Hong lived in Shanghai for ten years when she was young.
  注:如果指的是在过去某事持续了一段时间,就要用一般过去时,而不是完成时态。在动词用一般过去时的句子里通常有时间状语,表明动作发生的时间。如该句中没有时间状语,那么上下文中一定有表明过去的时间状语或可以体现“动作或情况发生在过去”这一概念。
  3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth"到……时间了""该……了"。例如:It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。
  It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了""早该……了",例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。
  would(had)rather sb. did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
  4) wish, wonder, think, hope等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
  比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(她已不在人间。)&Christine has been an invalid all her life.(她现在还活着)
  Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
  Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
  注:用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
  ①动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
  Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?/I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
  ②情态动词could, would。例如:Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
  3、一般将来时
  (1)构成:一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式:shall/will + 动词原形、be going + 动词不定式、be to + 动词原形、be about + 动词不定式、be doing。
  (2)用法:
  1)shall/will + 动词原形
  表示单纯的将来,不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I, we用shall 或will,其余用will。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
否定式 疑问式
I shall/will not study…. Shall I study…?
You will not study…. Will you study…?
He will not study…. Will he study…?
否定疑问式 简单回答(肯定/否定)
Shall I not (shan’t i) study…? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Will you not (Won’t you) study…? Yes, I shall/will. No, I shan’t/won’t.
Will he not (Won’t he) study….? Yes, he will. No, he won’t.
  例如:Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
  Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?
  注:will 用于第一人称时,可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等;shall用于第二、三人称时,可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。
  Shall I open the window? 我打开窗户好吗?(征求允诺)
  You shall have the book as soon as I get it. 我一拿到书就给你。(说话人的允诺)
  The enemy shall not pass. 决不让敌人通过。(说话人的保证)
  I will do my best to help you. 我愿意尽力帮助你。(意愿)
  Nobody shall be late for the meeting. 任何人开会都不能迟到。(说话人的命令)
  2)be going to +不定式,表示将来。
  ①主语的意图,即将做某事,这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
  ②计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
  ③有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那乌云,快要下雨了。
  注:①will 和be going to 都可以表示某种意愿。例如:I won’t (am not going to) tell you my age.我不(愿意)告诉你我的年龄。
  ②be going to 和will在含义和用法上略有不同。Be going to往往表示事先经过考虑的打算;will多表示意愿,决心。有时不能互换。例如:
  I have bought some bricks and I am going to build a kitchen with them.我买了些砖,我要用它们盖个厨房。(不能用will替换)
  Can somebody help me? ?I will. 谁能帮我一些吗?―?我来。(不能用be going to替换)
  ③be going to可用于条件从句,表示单纯的将来;will则不能。例如:
  If you are going to go to the cinema this evening, you’d better take your umbrella with you. 你若今晚去看电影,最好带着雨伞。
  3)be +不定式,表示安排、命令或肯定将会发生的事情;在问句中表示征求意见。例如:
  You are not to smoke in this room.你不许在这个房间里抽烟。(表命令)
  The President is to arrive in Rome at three o’clock this afternoon. 总统今天下午三点到达罗马。(表安排)
  4)be about to +不定式,表示正要、即将发生的事情。例如:
  He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上就要去北京了。
  注:be about to do不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
  练习:用be going to 或will.填空:
  ①Who will post this letter for me? ?I ____. (will)
  ②She has bought a length of cloth; she ____ (make) herself a dress. (is going to make)
  4、现在完成时
  (1)构成:现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成,助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has,其余用have.现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例,其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
否定式 疑问式
I have not (haven’t) studied…. Have I studied…?
You have not (haven’t) studied…. Have you studied…?
He has not (hasn’t) studied…. Has he studied…?
否定疑问式 简单回答(肯定/否定)
Have I not (Haven’t i) studied…? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
Have you not (Haven’t you) studied…? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Has he not (Hasn’t he) studied…? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
  (2)用法:
  1)现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态,其结果的影响现在还存在。例如:I am sure we’ve met before.
  2)表示持续到现在的动作或状态,是个现在时态,不与明确表示过去某个时间的状语连用,往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,如already, ever, , yet,today, these days, recently, now, lately, for…, since…, in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months, just,so far (到目前为止),up till now (直到现在), up to the present (直到现在)等。如:
  They have been away for two years./ We haven’t seen you recently.
  Up to the present, great changes have taken place. 到现在已经发生了巨大变化。
  注:比较一般过去时与现在完成时
  1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作,和现在不发生联系;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
  2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用或无时间状语,不能和具体的表示过去的时间状语连用。
  ①一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。
  ②现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。
  ③共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等,但所表达的意义有所不同。用于现在完成时表示包括“现在 ”而用于一般过去时则与“现在”无关。例如:
  I have written two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。(讲话时仍是上午)
  I wrote two letters this morning. 今天上午我写了两封信。(讲话时是下午或晚上)
  3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有open, come, go, leave, arrive, start, die, finish, become, get married lose, fall等。表示短暂意义的动词在完成时中不能和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,因为它们表示的动作不能持续。例如:
  The old man has died for 4 months.(×)/ The old man has been dead for 4 months.(√)
  注:have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别:表示“曾到过某地”要用 “have (has) been”; 表示“已经去某地”要用 “have (has) gone”。例如:
  They have been to Canada. 他们到过加拿大。(现在已经不在加拿大)
  They have gone to Canada. 他们到加拿大去了。(可能在路上和已经到加拿大).
  注:现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语,如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in 等连用, 但可以和不明确指出时间的状语,如already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等连用。
  (3)用于现在完成时的句型举例:
  1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:
  It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次访问这城市。
  It was the third time that the boy had been late.
  2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:
  This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
  注:比较since和for
  ①Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:
  I have lived here for more than twenty years./ I have lived here since I was born.
  ②并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。例如:
  I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
  I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)
  ③用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
  1)(对)Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
  2)(错)Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
  显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
  注:since的四种用法:
  ①since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例如:
  I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。
  ②since +一段时间+ ago。例如:I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。
  ③since +从句。例如:
  Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了。
  Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了。
  ④It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如:It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。
  注:延续动词与瞬间动词
  ①用于完成时的区别:延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如:
  He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
  I've known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
  ②用于till / until从句的差异:延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如:He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
  He slept until ten o'clock.他一直睡到10点。
  5、过去完成时
  (1)构成:一律用had + 过去分词构成。
  (2)用法:
  1)表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情,即“过去的过去”。用过去完成时,必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照,说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去发生的,先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的用一般过去时。例如:
  She told me she had been there three times before. 她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。(“去过”发生在“告诉”之前)
  It was five years since I had left middle school.(以过去为依据) 我离开中学到那时已经有五年了。
  The film had been on for minutes when he arrived at the cinema. 电影已经开始几分钟了他才到电影院。
  2)过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态,这一动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如:When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time. 我到上海时,他在那里很长时间了。
  3)动词 expect, hope, mean, plan, suppose, think的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图。例如:
  They had hoped to be able to come and see me. 他们本希望能来看我的。
  4)过去完成时常用于no sooner…than… 和 hardly(scarcely) …when… 这两个句型,前面部分用过去完成时,后面部分用一般过去时。例如:
  No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed.
  = He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. 他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。
  6、将来完成时
  (1)构成:shall/will + have + 过去分词
  (2)用法:将来完成时动词主要表示在将来的某一时刻或将来的某一时刻之前完成的动作,这一动作也可能继续进行。
  1)状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:
  They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
  2)动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:
  By seven o’clock this afternoon we shall have got to Shanghai if the train keeps good line.
  By February next year this foreign expert will have been here on this job for five years.
  7、现在进行时
  (1)构成:由助动词be + 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,有三种形式:第一人称单数用am, 第三人称单数用is, 其他用are。现在进行时的否定式是:直接在助动词be后面加上not;疑问式是:把助动词be提到主语之前。
  (2)用法:
  1)表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生或进行着的动作、事情。例如:We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
  2)习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,有时表示现阶段正在进行而说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:
  Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
  3)表示渐变,如come,get, end, leave, return, grow, set out, meet, open, die, arrive, become, turn, run, go, begin等,它们的现在进行时可表示不远的将来要发生的事情。例如:
  The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。/It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
  4)与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,这种用法常表示说话人的某种感情,如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌或不满等。例如:
  You are always changing your mind.你老是改变主意。/ You are always saying that sort of thing.你老爱说那样的话。
  5)在一定的上下文中,后一句的动词谓语用现在进行时与前一句的一般现在时相配合,可用以体现原因、结果、目的等意味。即前一句用一般现在时动词谓语表述现在发生的事实,而后一句用现在进行时动词谓语来阐明这一事实的原因、结果、目的等。
  例如:He frowns. He is worrying about his boy. 他皱着眉头,因为他在为他的孩子担心。
  She lets her child have his own way. She is spoiling him. 她不管她的孩子。这是在把他惯坏了。(结果)
  注:①不用进行时的动词:⑴表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。⑵表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。⑶瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。⑷系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。
  ②一般现在时说明事实,一般不带感情色彩;现在进行时与always, often, frequently等词连用时带有感情色彩。
  例如:He always asks questions. 他总是提问题。(无感情色彩)
  He is always asking questions. 他老爱提问题。(表示强烈的感情色彩)
  8、现在完成进行时
  (1)构成:第三人称单数由has been + 动词的现在分词;其他人称和数由have been + 动词的现在分词。
  (2)用法:
  1)表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在,可能刚刚终止,也可能仍然在进行。例如:
  I’ve been waiting for you since eight o’clock in the morning. 我从早上8点钟一直在等你。
  It has been raining for three hours. 雨一直下了三个小时了。
  2)有些动词不能用于现在进行时,如be, have, like, love, know, see, hear等,这些词同样也不能用于现在完成进行时。例如:
  I haven’t seen you for ages. 我好久没见到你了。
  I have loved her for a long time. 我一直爱她。
  3)现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成的动作,强调结果;而现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性,强调“一直”,往往表示动作仍未结束。例如:
  I have been reading this novel. 我一直在读这本小说。(我仍然在读)
  I have read two novels. 我已读过两本小说。(可能刚读过,也可能很久以前读的)
  9、过去进行时
  (1)构成:由助动词be 的过去式 + 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,第一、第三人称单数用was,其他用were.
  (2)用法:
  1)过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如:
  This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson. 昨天这个时候,我们正在上英语课。
  While we were having supper, all the lights went out. 我们吃饭的时候,灯灭了。
  The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room. 老师在给我们上课时,汤姆走进教室。
  2)过去进行时动词常用always, continually, frequently 等词连用,表示过去经常发生的行为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。例如:
  The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were young. 两兄弟小时候常吵架。
  In Qing Dynasty, China was always making concessions to western powers. 清朝时,中国总是对西方列强妥协。
  3)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。
  (3)常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
  My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。
  As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep.(as = when, while,意为"当……之时)
  10、过去完成进行时
  (1)构成:had been + 动词的现在分词。
  (2)用法:表示一直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作,此行为动作或刚结束、或还没结束(可以从上下文看出)。这一时态经常与一般过去时一起使用。例如:
  When he came in, I had been trying to repair the TV for a couple of hours. 他进来时,我一直在努力修理电视机好几个小时了
  The roads were dangerous. It had been raining for two whole days. 道路很危险。雨一直下了两整天。
  11、将来进行时
  (1)构成:shall/will be + 现在分词
  (2)用法:表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如:
  This time next week we shall be working in that factory. 下星期这时候,我们将在那个工厂劳动。
  注:将来进行时不表示个人意愿,强调主观上感觉某事即将发生,并对这一事情有着期待,感情色彩较浓,强调动作。一般将来时主要是对某一事情即将发生做一个事实性的说明或陈述,强调事实或意愿。
  She'll be coming soon. 她会很快来的。
  I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。
  (3)常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, by this time,tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如:
  By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此时,我正躺在海滩上呢。
  12、过去将来时
  (1)构成:由should/would + 动词原形构成。第一人称用should; 第二、三人称用would。
  (2)用法:过去将来时表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情,多用在宾语从句中。还可以表示过去的倾向或过去经常发生的事情。例如:
  They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon. 他们问我是否很快要去广州。
  He’d play the violin when he was in low spirits. 他情绪低落的时候,就拉小提琴。
  (3)其他表示过去将来时的结构:
  ①were/was going to + 动词原形,表示过去的安排、打算或确信某事会发生,多用于口语。如:
  I told her I was going to see her that afternoon. 我告诉她我那天下午要去看她。
  ②were/was to + 动词原形,表示安排,命令或后来将要发生的事。如:
  They were to receive salaries from the government. 他们将接受政府的工资。
  ③were/was about to + 动词原形,表示正要、即将发生的事。如:
  Mrs. Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first. 布朗夫人刚要开始,但是珍妮先说话了。
  13、时态的呼应
  时态的呼应也称时态的一致,是指在复合句中,某些从句(主要是宾语从句等名词性从句)的时态常受主句时态的影响,因而要注意主从句两部分的时态呼应。
  (1)主句是现在时态或将来时时,从句可以用任何所需要的时态。
  He says his father is/was/will be a teacher. 他说他父亲是(过去是,将来要做)一个教师。
  (2)主句是过去时态时,从句的时态要注意下列几点:
  ①从句与主句动作同时发生,从句须用一般过去时或过去进行时。
  I thought he studied hard. 我认为他学习努力。
  He told me his son was watching TV. 他告诉我他儿子在看电视。
  ②从句动作发生在主句动作之后,从句须用过去将来时。例如:
  He said he would post the letter. 他说他将要寄这封信。
  They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall. 他们不知道什么时候去参观长城。
  ③从句动作发生在主句动作之前,从句须用过去完成时。例如:
  He said he had posted the letter。 他说已经把信发了。
  They asked me whether I had been there before. 他们问我以前去没去过那里。
  但是,如果从句有具体的过去时间状语,尽管从句动作发生在主句动作之前,有时仍用一般过去时。例如:
  She told me her brother died in 1960. 她告诉我她哥哥1960年去世的。
  They said they checked everything yesterday. 他们说昨天他们全部检查过了。
  另外,从句说的是一般真理或客观事实,即使主句用过去时态,从句仍用一般现在时。例如:
  The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round. 老师告诉学生们地球是圆的。
  Somebody told me you are a writer. 有人告诉我你是个作家。
  除了宾语从句外,其他名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)一般也要遵守这种时态呼应的规律。而状语从句和定语从句则是根据本身意思的需要选用适当的时态。例如:
  He saw the boy whose mother is our teacher. 他见过那个他妈妈是我们老师的男孩。
  It was not so hot yesterday as it is today. 昨天没有今天这样热。
  14、时态与时间状语
时态 时间状语
一般现在时 every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday等
一般过去时 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等
一般将来时 next…, tomorrow, in+一段时间, before+时间点等
现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently等
过去完成时 before, by+过去的时间, until, when, after, once等
过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while等
将来进行时 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening



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