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Linux系统专家必学的20个命令
Linux系统专家必学的命令有哪些?Linux系统有哪些命令非常有用呢?下面跟yjbys小编一起来看看吧!
1. 命令: ifconfig
ifconfig用来配置常驻内核的网络接口信息。在系统启动必要时用来设置网络适配器的信息。之后，它通常是只需要在调试时或当系统需要调整时使用。
检查活动网络适配器
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E
inet addr:192.168.1.3 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB) TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB)
Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)
检查所有的网络适配器
“-a”参数用来显示所有网络适配器(网卡)的详细信息,包括那些停用的适配器。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig -a
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E
inet addr:192.168.1.3 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB) TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB)
Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)
virbr0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 0e:30:a3:3a:bf:03
inet addr:192.168.122.1 Bcast:192.168.122.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
停用网络适配器
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 down
启用网络适配器
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 up
指定IP地址到网络适配器
为网络适配器eth0设定IP地址“192.168.1.12”.
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12
更改网络适配器eth0的子网掩码
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 netmask 255.255.255.
更改网络适配器eth0的广播地址
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 broadcast 192.168.1.255
为网络适配器eth0指定IP地址,子网掩码，广播地址
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255
注Note:如果你设置一块无线网卡的信息,你可以使用的命令是“iwconfig”.欲知更多ifconfig命令的例子和使用方法，读“15个有用的ifconfig 命令”.
2. 命令: netstat
netstat命令显示各种网络相关的信息，如网络连接,路由表,接口统计,伪装连接,组播成员身份等….
列出所有的网络端口
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -a
Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)
Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 741379 /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/gpg
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 8965 /var/run/acpid.socket
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 18584 /tmp/.X11-unix/X0
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 741385 /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/ssh
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 741387 /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/pkcs11
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 20242 @/tmp/dbus-ghtTjuPN46
....
显示所有tcp相关端口
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -at
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 localhost:mysql *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 *:5901 *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 *:5902 *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 *:x11-1 *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 *:x11-2 *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 *:5938 *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:5940 *:* LISTEN
...
显示所有连接的统计信息
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -s
Ip:
994239 total packets received
0 forwarded
0 incoming packets discarded
165741 incoming packets delivered
3248924 requests sent out
8 outgoing packets dropped
Icmp:
29460 ICMP messages received
166 input ICMP message failed.
ICMP input histogram:
destination unreachable: 98
redirects: 29362
2918 ICMP messages sent
0 ICMP messages failed
ICMP output histogram:
destination unreachable: 2918
IcmpMsg:
InType3: 98
InType5: 29362
OutType3: 2918
Tcp:
94533 active connections openings
23 passive connection openings
1870 failed connection attempts
7194 connection resets received
....
好的!由于某些原因如果你不想解析netstat 输出的主机、端口和用户名称的话 。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -an
好，你可能需要获取的 netstat 持续输出的动态信息，通过传递中断输出指令 (ctrl + c)来停止。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -c
更多关于“netstat”的例子和使用方法，浏览文章“20个netstat 的使用案例”。
3. 命令： nslookup
网络实用程序，用于获得互联网服务器的信息。顾名思义，该实用程序将发现通过查询 DNS 域的名称服务器信息。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup tecmint.com
Server: 192.168.1.1
Address: 192.168.1.1
#53
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: tecmint.com
Address: 50.16.67.239
查询邮件交换器记录
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -query=mx tecmint.com
Server: 192.168.1.1
Address: 192.168.1.1
#53
Non-authoritative answer:
tecmint.com mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net.
tecmint.com mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net.
Authoritative answers can be found from:
查询域名服务器
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -type=ns tecmint.com
Server: 192.168.1.1
Address: 192.168.1.1
#53
Non-authoritative answer:
tecmint.com nameserver = ns3404.com.
tecmint.com nameserver = ns3403.com.
Authoritative answers can be found from:
查询DNS记录
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -type=any tecmint.com
Server: 192.168.1.1
Address: 192.168.1.1
#53
Non-authoritative answer:
tecmint.com mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net.
tecmint.com mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net.
tecmint.com nameserver = ns06.domaincontrol.com.
tecmint.com nameserver = ns3404.com.
tecmint.com nameserver = ns3403.com.
tecmint.com nameserver = ns05.domaincontrol.com.
Authoritative answers can be found from:
查询起始授权机构
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -type=soa tecmint.com
Server: 192.168.1.1
Address: 192.168.1.1
#53
Non-authoritative answer:
tecmint.com
origin = ns3403.hostgator.com
mail addr = dnsadmin.gator1702.hostgator.com
serial = 2012081102
refresh = 86400
retry = 7200
expire = 3600000
minimum = 86400
Authoritative answers can be found from:
查询端口号
更改使用你想要连接的端口号
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -port 56 tecmint.com
Server: tecmint.com
Address: 50.16.76.239
#53
Name: 56
Address: 14.13.253.12
4. 命令: dig
dig是查询DNS 域名服务器的工具，可以查询的主机地址、 邮件交流、 域名服务器相关的信息。在任何 Linux (Unix) 或 Macintosh OS X 操作系统上，都可以使用该工具。dig的最典型的用法是单个主机的查询。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com
; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<
关闭注释行
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +nocomments
; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +nocomments
;; global options: +cmd
;tecmint.com. IN A
tecmint.com. 14400 IN A 40.216.66.239
;; Query time: 418 msec
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1
#53(192.168.1.1)
;; WHEN: Sat Jun 29 13:53:22 2013
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 45
关闭认证块
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +noauthority
; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +noauthority
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<
关闭 其他 块
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +noadditional
; <<>> DiG 9.9.2-P1 <<>> tecmint.com +noadditional
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<
关闭 统计块
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +nostats
; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +nostats
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<
关闭回复块
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +noanswer
; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +noanswer
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<
关闭所有块
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +noall
; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +noall
;; global options: +cmd
阅读更多10 个LinuxDig 命令实例
1.命令: uptime
你连接到你的Linux 服务器时发现一些不寻常或恶意的东西，你会做什么?猜测……不，绝不!你可以运行uptime来验证当服务器无人值守式到底发生了什么事情。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ uptime
14:37:10 up 4:21, 2 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.04
6. 命令: wall
对系统管理员来说一个最重要的命令.wall发送一条消息到大家登录端将其mesg权限设置为”yes”。这条信息可以被wall作为参数，或者可以将它作为wall的标准输入。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ wall "we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm"
Broadcast message from root@localhost.localdomain (pts/0) (Sat Jun 29 14:44:02 2013):
we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm
7. 命令: mesg
其他人们可以使用”wtrite”命令,将在在向您发送文本到屏幕上。你可以控制是否显示。
mesg [n|y] n - prevents the message from others popping up on the screen. y – Allows messages to appear on your screen.
8. 命令: write
如果 ‘mesg’ 是 ‘y’，让你的文本直接发送到另一台 Linux 机器的屏幕。.
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ write ravisaive
9. 命令: talk
增强的write命令，talk命令可让你与其他登录的用户交谈。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ talk ravisaive
注释: 如果talk命令没安装的话,可以通过apt或yum 安装所需的包.
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ yum install talk
OR
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ apt-get install talk
10. 命令：w
是否觉得命令’w'很滑稽?但是事实上不是的。它是一个命令，尽管只有一个字符长!命令”w“是uptime和who命令，以前后的顺序组合在一起。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ w
15:05:42 up 4:49, 3 users, load average: 0.02, 0.01, 0.00
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
server tty7 :0 14:06 4:43m 1:42 0.08s pam: gdm-passwo
server pts/0 :0.0 14:18 0.00s 0.23s 1.65s gnome-terminal
server pts/1 :0.0 14:47 4:43 0.01s 0.01s bash
11. 命令: rename
见名知意，这个命令重命名文件。rename将会通过从文件名的首字符开始替换，重命名为指定的文件名。
Give the file names a1, a2, a3, a4.....1213
仅仅写这些命令：[@Lesus 注： 在Ubuntu上不支持这种格式， rename与mv不同的是，rename可以批量修改，如同带了while的mv操作。]
rename a1 a0 a
rename a1 a0 a
12. 命令: top
显示CPU进程信息。这个命令自动刷新，默认是持续显示CPU进程信息，除非使用了中断指令。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ top
top - 14:06:45 up 10 days, 20:57, 2 users, load average: 0.10, 0.16, 0.21
Tasks: 240 total, 1 running, 235 sleeping, 0 stopped, 4 zombie
%Cpu(s): 2.0 us, 0.5 sy, 0.0 ni, 97.5 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
KiB Mem: 2028240 total, 1777848 used, 250392 free, 81804 buffers
KiB Swap: 3905532 total, 156748 used, 3748784 free, 381456 cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 23768 ravisaiv 20 0 1428m 571m 41m S 2.3 28.9 14:27.52 firefox 24182 ravisaiv 20 0 511m 132m 25m S 1.7 6.7 2:45.94 plugin-containe 26929 ravisaiv 20 0 5344 1432 972 R 0.7 0.1 0:00.07 top 24875 ravisaiv 20 0 263m 14m 10m S 0.3 0.7 0:02.76 lxterminal 1 root 20 0 3896 1928 1228 S 0.0 0.1 0:01.62 init
另查看12 TOP命令例子·[@Lesus 注：htop比top命令更好用，不过需要自己安装
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